Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services Management in Northeast Chinese Borders Lan Li Dr. Feng Li Dr. Prof. Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences (RCEES) Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing Urban Ecosystem Research Station (BUERS) 14 June, 2017

Outline Ecosystem service research in China Natural capital and ecosystem services in Northeast Chinese borders Evaluation methods for ecosystem services Sponge city construction based on ecosystem services 2

Background and significance  Since 2008 more than half of the world population lives in cities.  It will reach to 61% in 2030, 70% in 2050 and 80% in 2060. 1 0 3 0 5 0 7 0 9 0 P e rc e n ta g e o f P o p u la ti o n R e s id in g i n U rb a n a n d R u ra l A re a s (% ) 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Year Urban population in World Rural population in World Urban population in China Rural population in China 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 U rb a n A re a (1 ,0 0 0 k m 2 ) 1 0 0 2 5 0 4 0 0 5 5 0 7 0 0 N u m b e r o f C it ie s 1950 1996 2003 2010 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Number of cities Urban area 3

 Urban areas are expanding faster than urban populations.  Asia is home to 60 percent of the world’s population.  Urban ecological footprints are much larger than their physical areas.  Important urban ecosystem services are often being neglected.  The soil carbon losses associated with expanding impervious surface cover have the potential to reduce soil carbon pools by 66% (Seto, et al, 2012)  Decision-makers often only follow narrow economic reasoning. 4 Background and significance

Background and significance  Global Consequences of Land Use,(Foley et al., Science,2005)  Global Change and the Ecology of Cities (Nancy B. Grimm, et al. Science, 2008)  The Size, Scale, and Shape of Cities (Michael Batty, Science 2008)  Health and Urban Living (Christopher Dye, Science 2008)  Reproducing in Cities (Ruth Mace,Science 2008)  Cities, Productivity, and Quality of Life (Edward Glaeser,Science, 2011)  A Theory of City Size (Michael Batty, Science, 2013)  The Origins of Scaling in Cities (Luís M. A. Bettencourt, Science, 2013) (Foley etal., 2005, Science) 5

6Ecosystem service research in China

Ecosystem services refers to a wide range of condition and processes through natural ecosystem and species,that are part of them,help sustain and fufill human life (Daily, 1997). Service-disservices, Beneficial-Detrimental effects 7

Ecosystem services  Refers to a wide range of condition and processes through natural ecosystem and species,that are part of them,help sustain and fufill human life (Daily, 1997).  Defined ecosystem services from the perspective of natural ecosystem and classified ecosystem services into 15 categories (Daily, 1999)  Costanza et al., 1997; Norberg, 1999; Daily, 2001; Daily et al., 2002; Brauman et al., 2007; Daily and Matson, 2008; Daily et al., 2009)  Natural Capital Project: Stanford University 8

Linkages between Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being (MEA, 2005) 9

10 Ecosystem service research in China The budding stage: it mainly begins with the research of the value of forest resources. Experts used to estimate forest soil conservation, water conservation, windbreak and sand fixation, and purification of the atmosphere by shadow engineering and alternative cost methods. At the same time, China has attached great importance to the study of ecosystem services, and set up a task group of "resource accounting into the national accounting system". The value of water, land, forest, grassland and mineral resources was estimated. The primary stage: some experts and scholars began to formally introduce the concept and value of ecosystem related theories and research methods, and explored the value of ecosystem services in China. The estimation makes a deep research on the value of biodiversity in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve. The stage of in-depth diversification: Some of the scholars have studied the value of ecological services at different scales (watersheds, regions, countries) and different types (rivers, forests, grasslands, etc.), and some of the corresponding evaluation models have been applied to the research field. At the same time, the integration of ecosystem services theory and methods with other research directions is explored. In 2009, Academician Fu Bojie presided over the important ecological service function of forest, wetland, grassland and desert ecosystem, which was important to China's ecological security, under the 973 project "China's Major Terrestrial Ecosystem Services and Ecological Security".

11 Ecosystem service research in China "The Chinese main land ecosystem service function and ecological security" project solve the problems of three science: 1) Service function of ecological system structure- process-interaction mechanism; 2) Characteristics of the scale of the ecosystem service function and multiscale correlation; 3) Ecosystem service function evaluation index and model. • Understand the nearly 30 years in our country the ecosystem service function of spatial pattern and its driving factors in evolution process • Set up the ecological compensation scope and the determination method of compensation standard, • Put forward the ecosystem management and ecological security countermeasures,

12 Spatial and temporal changes in Chinese terrestrial ecosystem service functions The classification of terrestrial ecosystems in China Wang Rusong et al, 2012  Urban and road ecosystems belong to artificial ecosystems,  forest, grassland, and water ecosystems partially belonged to both natural& nature-alike ecosystems  farmland and garden ecosystems belonged to nature-alike ecosystems.

13 Spatial and temporal changes in Chinese terrestrial ecosystem service functions The empirical parameters of China’s terrestrial ecosystems’ function values Wang Rusong et al, 2012

14 ESV for ecological construction and degradation in a recent 10-year period in China Wang Rusong et al, 2012

15 The ESV of each province in China in 2000 and 2008 Wang Rusong et al, 2012

16 The spatial distribution of China’s ESV intensity in 2000-2008 Wang Rusong et al, 2012 ESV decreased mainly in Northeast and Southern China

17 Natural capital and ecosystem services in Northeast Chinese borders

18 Natural capital and ecosystem services The sustainable development of human society depends fundamentally on the sustainability of ecosystem and its services.So we must study the economic value of ecosystem services, and be included in the national economic accounting system, to promote development and reasonable decision of natural capital. 1997, Daily editor in chief of " Natures Services: Social Dependence on Natural Ecosystems" and Costanza "The value of world’s ecosystem services and natural capital” marked the value of ecosystem services assessment research is becoming a hot spot of ecology and ecological economics and cutting edge.

19 Global map of the value of ecosystem services Costanza et al, 1997

20 Natural capital consists of nature assets such as soil, air, water and all living things, according to the definition made by United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative at the Natural Capital Declaration issued in 2012. Natural capital is the most fundamental of the core forms of capital (i.e. manufactured, human, social and natural) since it provides the basic conditions for human existence. These conditions include fertile soil, multifunctional forests, productive land and seas, good quality freshwater and clean air. They also include services such as pollination, climate regulation and protection from natural disasters (EU, 2013). Natural capital and ecosystem services

21 Source: Maes et al., 2013. Ecosystem services are the contributions that ecosystems make to human well-being. The main categories are provisioning services; regulating and maintenance services, and cultural services(CICES, 2013). These three types of services are underpinned by supporting services and are provided at a range of scales from the global to the local. Conceptual framework for EU-wide ecosystem assessments The 'flow' provided by natural capital comes in the form of ecosystem services.

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23 In China, there is tremendous current research on developing and using new methods to quantify the value of ecosystem services provided by a range of different ecosystems (e. g. , forest, grassland, river, farmland, marine), at different scales (e. g. , watershed, county, provincial, regional, national), and in both biophysical and economic terms. China’s new system of Ecosystem Function Conservation Area

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25 The central deep restructuring held its thirtieth meeting to consider and adopt a pilot scheme for improving the management system of natural resources assets. The meeting pointed out : The construction of national natural resources assets management system should be separated according to the owner and the manager. Separate the responsibility of the owner from the natural resource management department, centralized and unified implementation, and all citizens are responsible for the management and protection of all natural resources assets. To adhere to the public ownership of resources and simplify the effectiveness of the principle of unity. Focusing on the integration of all national natural resources assets owner responsibility, explore the central and local agents to exercise the ownership of assets. Setting up state-owned natural resources asset management agencies and other aspects of active exploration attempt to form a replicable, scalable management model.

26 Ecosystem services in Northeast Chinese borders Jilin province Tumen river basin Legend Jilin province Tumen river basin Tumen River is the key international river between China, Russia and North Korea. Already entered into China, North Korea and Russia and other multinational cooperation. Russia China North Korea East Sea

27 The remote sensing image of Tumen river 2010 2014 1995 2000 2005 Rice paddy Dry farmland Coniferous forest Broadleaf forest Rivers and water Construction land Grassland Bare land TM image interpretation logo ZHU Wei-hong et al, 2015

28 Land use of Tumen river basin Construction land Dry farmland Rivers and water storage Rice paddy Grassland Bare land Coniferous forest Broadleaf forest Legend 20142010 1995 2000 2005 ZHU Wei-hong et al, 2015

29 Total ecosystem services value for land use category during 1992-2006 Dry farmland Paddy fields Woodland Grassland Waters Wetlands Non-used land Total Land types Value factor RMB Billion yuan Billion yuanPropotion Propotion Billion yuan change Dry farmlandService types Paddy fields Woodland Grassland Waters Wetlands Unused land Gas regulation Climate regulation Water conservation Soil formation and protection Disposal Biodiversity Conservation Food production Raw materials Entertainment Total value RMB Tumen River ecosystem services value area of different ecosystem types Nan Ying et al, 2015

30 Wetland ecosystem area change in different periods of Tumen River Basin hm2 Wetland types Natural wetland Artificial wetland Lakes Swamp Liver Total Paddy field Other artificial wetland Total Total ZHU Wei-hong et al, 2015 North Korea North Korea Tumen River Basin

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32 Evaluation methods for ecosystem services

33 Study development and trend in ecosystem services valuation, China

34 Contrast of major assessment methods on valuation of ecosystem service function

35 The Value Classification of Ecosystem Services Direct value Refers to the value that can be measured directly in the ecosystem service function and is the value of the biological resources produced by the ecosystem Indirect value Refers to the value of the ecosystem that provides the life support system to humans Option value Refers to the willingness of individuals and society to pay for the use of ecosystem services in the future ( Including direct use, indirect use, selective use and potential use) Existence value Also known as intrinsic value, refers to the people’s voluntary payment of fees to ensure the continued existence (Including its knowledge preservation) of ecosystem services Evaluation methods for ecosystem services

36 The value of water conservation of ecosystem includes two parts: regulating water quantity and purifying water quality. Determination of the value of water regulation : a) Alternative engineering method: Using the reservoir water storage costs to determine the value of ecosystem water conservation. According to the reservoir water storage costs, calculate the annual value of the ecological system to adjust the amount of water。 b) Market value method: Determine the total amount of water conservation each year, and then determine the total value of such ecological assets based on the market value of water. Determination of the value of water purification: The principle of purifying water quality is consistent with the principle of tap water purification. Refer to the average price of residential water to calculate the value of annual water purification. (1)The value of water conservation Evaluation methods for ecosystem services

Net primary productivity (NPP) and biomass are two important indicators that reflect the production of organic matter. Biomass reflects the storage of organic matter, while NPP refers to the total amount of organic matter produced by the plant over a period of time. The value of organic matter production in ecosystems can be calculated by the net primary productivity obtained from ecological remote sensing measurements and the unit mass value of organic matter. (2) Organic material production value 37 Evaluation methods for ecosystem services

The ecosystem produces organic matter through photosynthesis, and in this process the N, P, K and other nutrients in the inorganic environment are fixed in the organism. In assessing the value of nutrients accumulated in ecosystems, based on the net primary productivity of the ecosystem, the annual absorption of essential nutrients N, P and K in the ecosystem is estimated, and then the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are equivalent The amount of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potash price and the corresponding material quality and the quality distribution of the ecosystem can be multiplied by the nutrient recycling value of the service. (3) Nutrient cycling and storage value 38 Evaluation methods for ecosystem services

The gas regulation includes CO2 fixation and O2 release On the basis of ecosystem NPP, according to the reaction equation of photosynthesis and respiration, the amount of fixed CO2 and the amount of released O2 gas is estimated. The production of 1 g of dry matter, the need for 1. 63g CO2, release 1.19g O2. Finally, based on recognized carbon tax rate and industrial oxygen prices to calculate the value of gas regulation. (4) Gas regulation value 39 Evaluation methods for ecosystem services

Waste management function refers to the ecosystem, the biological groups through the metabolic effects (assimilation and alienation) to reduce the number of pollutants in the environment, the concentration decreased, the toxicity to reduce the process until the disappearance. The waste function mainly considers the waste gas such as vegetation absorbed sulfur dioxide and dust, and the service function of water purification ammonia nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand (COD), and uses the treatment cost method to calculate the service value. (5) Waste disposal value 40 Evaluation methods for ecosystem services

41 (6)Values of soil and water conservation Soil and water conservation mainly depends on the difference between the potential soil erosion and the actual soil erosion. a)“Market value method”: First, the vegetation cover type and vegetation coverage were obtained by using remote sensing data inversion. Then, on this basis to obtain the reduction of the amount of soil erosion of the ecosystem. Finally, to evaluate their loss of land, loss of fertility and reduce the three aspects of siltation disaster value. b)“Alternative engineering method”:Assuming that the lost soil is all flowing into the reservoir, the siltation of the reservoir leads to the loss of the reservoir's water storage function, so the value of the soil loss can be estimated by the cost of the constructed reservoir. The amount of soil erosion in various ecosystems Soil conservation Reduce topsoil loss Maintain soil fertility Reducing deposited sediment Market value method Alternative engineering method Soil conservation value Evaluation methods for ecosystem services

42 (8)Leisure and cultural values The ecosystem provided diversity habitat growth, development, reproduction of wildlife species, storage of species gene pool, etc. are calculated by economic values. (7)Biodiversity conservation value Conditional value method :Recreational Benefits Use ecosystems to provide human beings with tourism, settlements and the value of providing habitat for temporary populations. Scientific research, cultural and social values are calculated by the provision of aesthetics, entertainment, education, scientific research and other social value of the formation of assets. Evaluation methods for ecosystem services

43 In China, usually use the formula to calculate the value of ecosystem services Evaluation methods for ecosystem services • ESV is the total value of the ecosystem service; • VCk is the ecological value coefficient(RMB/hm 2•a); • Ak is the distribution area of the land benefit k in the study area; • ESVf is the total value of the individual services of the ecosystem; • VCfk is the value coefficient of the individual service function(RMB/hm 2•a);

44 Woodward (2001): Wetland ecosystem service function type 注:NFI—Net Factor Income; RC—Replacement Cost; TC—Travel Cost; CV—Contingent Valuation; HP— Hedonic Pricing

45 Sponge city construction based on ecosystem services

46 Sponge city construction based on ecosystem services • “Sponge City” can effectively control urban storm water and flood, supplying the groundwater and alleviate the water shortages, improving the quality of water environment, and then improve biodiversity and urban landscape. • December 12th, 2013, Sponge City were first proposed “it should be given priority to capture the limited rainfall during the promotion of urban drainage systems, and construction of the sponge city should be based on using the forces of nature-based drainage, construction of a natural reservoir, natural infiltration, natural purification.

47 Sponge city construction based on ecosystem services The Meaning of "Sponge City”  City like a sponge. It can absorb water during rains, storage and purify water. Then, it can released out when water is needed, and used to develop a elastic urban system.  Green city and city water is the main Sponge.  To realized by ecological infrastructure which consists to natural accumulation, infiltration and purification.

48 "Sponge City" concept includes:  A core guiding ideology: low impact development concept.  Three ways of Construction: ecological system protection and restoration, low impact development.  Three storm water systems: low impact development of storm water systems, traditional storm water drainage systems and excessive storm water runoff systems.  Four key objectives: water security, water environment, water resources and water ecology.

49 The significance of "Sponge City Construction"  Social and economic significance: it can reduce waterlogging, water resource shortage, water pollution, combining with natural water protection and utilization, reduce economic losses, increasing green space, water landscape and ecological drainage systems to provide a new ideas for the construction of "ecological city", "smart city" .  Ecological significance: it can alleviate the urban heat island phenomenon, and improve the urban water cycling, environment quality, biological diversity, etc..

50 Research Status Abroad In the early 1960s, the implementation of sponge-building measures have been launched . USA the best management practices (BMPs) and low impact development (LID), British sustainable drainage system (SUDs), Australia water sensitive urban design (WSUD), Japan rainwater storage plans, South Korea low impact development. China 2013. 12 First proposed 2014. 10 "Construction Guideline" 2015. 4 Publish the trial cities 2015. 8 Evaluation method 2016. 3 100 project in "13th Five- Year" 2016-2017 Across the all country

51 a、Identify the ecological plaque d、Water ecosystem restoration b、To build ecological corridors 规划拼合生态绿地 公 路 光 侨 路 Ecological protection line Blue green blend c、Draw all the blue line and green line Sponge city construction based on ecosystem services

52 Penetration Can put more rain infiltrate into underground storage of the city Accumulation Is to take various measures to water city they do not have a nimbus Use Water will be reasonable use Stranded Can't let the rain soon run out, also want to make it more to stay in the city Purification Like sewage treatment, the rain also need to deal with Drainage Excess rain through urban underground pipe network “ A ” “ P ” Implementation measures

53 4. Permeable pavement 5. Recessed green space 6. Biological stranded facilities 7. Infiltration pond 8. Wet pond 9. Rain wetland 10. Vegetation buffer 11. The early rain flow facilities 12. Wetland park 1. Green roof 2. Rain garden 3. Grassed swales Through the combination of all kinds of technology application, and can realize the total runoff control, peak runoff, runoff pollution control, such as rainwater utilization target. Main Technology

54 Tianjin bridge park Harbin national urban wetland park Jinhua yanzhouwei wetland park

55 • ServiceS • ParticipationP • OrganizationO • Natural ecologyN • Green infrastructureG • Ecological patternE Management • public participation, • organization management Service • social • ecology Ecological infrastructure • green space • blue space • red space Ecological landscape • water ecological landscape • land ecological pattern Sponge City Sponge city construction framework

56 Conclusion  With the increasing emphasis on ecosystem services research in China, research in this area will be further developed in the future.  The basic research on the ecosystem service function and security evaluation of the border area of Northeast China (China- North Korea-Russia) has been carried out for many years. It is expected that this study can help the international cooperation in the future.  Recently, Sponge City has become the hottest research topic in China, and pilot work has been carried out nationwide. In the future, will be combined with natural capital, ecosystem service value, to develop the joint cooperation projects.